Guhitamo amasezerano yubucuruzi akwiye mubucuruzi mpuzamahanga ningirakamaro kumpande zombi kugirango habeho gucuruza neza kandi neza. Hano hari ibintu bitatu ugomba gusuzuma muguhitamo amagambo yubucuruzi:
Ingaruka: Urwego rwibyago buri ruhande rufite ubushake bwo gufata birashobora gufasha kumenya igihe cyubucuruzi gikwiye. Kurugero, niba umuguzi ashaka kugabanya ingaruka zabo, barashobora guhitamo ijambo nka FOB (Free On Board) aho umugurisha afata inshingano zo gupakira ibicuruzwa mubwato. Niba umugurisha ashaka kugabanya ingaruka zabo, barashobora guhitamo ijambo nka CIF (Igiciro, Ubwishingizi, Imizigo) aho umuguzi afata inshingano zo kwishingira ibicuruzwa muri transit.
Igiciro: Igiciro cyo gutwara, ubwishingizi, hamwe na gasutamo birashobora gutandukana cyane bitewe nigihe cyubucuruzi. Ni ngombwa gusuzuma uzabazwa ibi biciro no kubishyira mubiciro rusange byubucuruzi. Kurugero, niba umugurisha yemeye kwishyura ubwikorezi nubwishingizi, barashobora kwishyuza igiciro cyinshi kugirango bishyure ibyo biciro.
Ibikoresho: Ibikoresho byo gutwara ibicuruzwa birashobora no kugira ingaruka kumahitamo yubucuruzi. Kurugero, niba ibicuruzwa ari byinshi cyangwa biremereye, birashobora kuba byiza cyane kubagurisha gutegura uburyo bwo gutwara no gupakira. Ubundi, niba ibicuruzwa byangirika, umuguzi arashobora gushaka gufata inshingano zo kohereza kugirango ibicuruzwa bigere vuba kandi neza.
Amwe mumagambo asanzwe yubucuruzi arimo EXW (Ex Work), FCA (Umwikorezi wubusa), FOB (Ubuntu Kubuyobozi), CFR (Igiciro nubwikorezi), CIF (Igiciro, Ubwishingizi, Imizigo), na DDP (Yatanzweho Umusoro Wishyuwe). Ni ngombwa gusuzuma witonze ingingo za buri cyiciro cyubucuruzi no kumvikana nundi muburanyi mbere yo kurangiza gucuruza.
EXW (Ex Work)
Ibisobanuro: Umuguzi yishyura ibiciro byose hamwe ningaruka ziterwa no gufata ibicuruzwa muruganda cyangwa mububiko.
Itandukaniro: Umugurisha akeneye gusa kuba ibicuruzwa byiteguye gutwara, mugihe umuguzi akora ibindi bintu byose byo kohereza, harimo ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo, ubwikorezi, nubwishingizi.
Gutanga ibyago: Ingaruka zose zoherejwe kubagurisha kugeza kubaguzi.
FOB (Ubuntu kubuyobozi)
Ibisobanuro: Umugurisha yishyura ikiguzi ningaruka zo kugeza ibicuruzwa mubwato, mugihe umuguzi yishyura ibiciro byose hamwe ningaruka zirenze iyo ngingo.
Itandukaniro: Umuguzi afata inshingano zo kohereza ibicuruzwa, ubwishingizi, hamwe na gasutamo birenze kwikorera ubwato.
Kugenera ingaruka: Kwimura abaguzi kubaguzi ibicuruzwa bimaze kurenga gari ya moshi.
CIF (Igiciro, Ubwishingizi n'imizigo)
Ibisobanuro: Umugurisha ashinzwe ikiguzi cyose kijyanye no kugeza ibicuruzwa ku cyambu cyerekezo, harimo imizigo n’ubwishingizi, mugihe umuguzi ashinzwe amafaranga yose yatanzwe nyuma yuko ibicuruzwa bigeze ku cyambu.
Itandukaniro: Umugurisha akora ubwikorezi nubwishingizi, mugihe umuguzi yishyura amahoro ya gasutamo nandi mafaranga amaze kuhagera.
Kugenera ingaruka: Kwimura ibyago kubagurisha kubaguzi mugihe cyohereza ibicuruzwa ku cyambu.
CFR (Igiciro n'imizigo)
Ibisobanuro: Umugurisha yishyura ibicuruzwa, ariko ntabwo ari ubwishingizi cyangwa ikiguzi cyose cyakoreshejwe nyuma yo kugera ku cyambu.
Itandukaniro: Umuguzi yishyura ubwishingizi, amahoro ya gasutamo n'amafaranga yose yatanzwe nyuma yo kugera ku cyambu.
Kugenera ingaruka: Impanuka zoherejwe kubagurisha kubaguzi mugihe ibicuruzwa biri mubwato.
DDP (Yatanzweho Umusoro)
Ibisobanuro: Umugurisha ageza ibicuruzwa ahantu runaka, kandi ashinzwe ibiciro ndetse ningaruka kugeza igihe bizagera.
Itandukaniro: Umuguzi akeneye gusa gutegereza ko ibicuruzwa bigera ahabigenewe atiriwe ashinzwe ikiguzi cyangwa ingaruka.
Kugenera ingaruka: Ibyago byose nibiciro byishyurwa nugurisha.
DDU (Umusoro watanzwe utishyuwe)
Ibisobanuro: Umugurisha ageza ibicuruzwa ahantu runaka, ariko umuguzi ashinzwe ikiguzi icyo aricyo cyose kijyanye no gutumiza ibicuruzwa, nkamahoro ya gasutamo nandi mafaranga.
Itandukaniro: Umuguzi yishyura ikiguzi ningaruka zijyanye no gutumiza ibicuruzwa.
Gutanga ibyago: Ibyago byinshi byimurirwa kubaguzi mugihe cyoherejwe, usibye ibyago byo kutishyura.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-11-2023
